Travel

A restaurant, an aircraft, a train, a taxi and a cruise ship are governed by four separate bodies of law, and the moment you leave the country none of them follow you. Each panel quotes the controlling text and cites it.

Flying inside the United States Air Carrier Access Act · 14 CFR 382.3, 382.72–382.80

Air travel has its own definition of a service animal, its own paperwork, and its own grounds for refusal. Since the Department of Transportation’s 2020 rule it is narrower than the ADA in one direction and more protective in another.

“Service animal means a dog, regardless of breed or type, that is individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of a qualified individual with a disability, including a physical, sensory, psychiatric, intellectual, or other mental disability. Animal species other than dogs, emotional support animals, comfort animals, companionship animals, and service animals in training are not service animals for the purposes of this part.”
14 CFR 382.3

“You must allow a service animal to accompany a passenger with a disability. You must not deny transportation to a service animal based on the animal’s breed or type or on the basis that its carriage may offend or annoy carrier personnel or persons traveling on the aircraft.”
14 CFR 382.72

Two forms, and no more. A carrier may require a current completed U.S. DOT Service Animal Air Transportation Form, and on a segment scheduled for eight hours or more a Service Animal Relief Attestation Form. Beyond those, the carrier “is not permitted to require documentation.” 382.75(a)–(c)
“Current” is defined. It means completed on or after the date you bought the ticket. Fill them in after purchase, never before. 382.75(a)
Where the dog sits. On your lap or in your foot space, unless that conflicts with FAA safety requirements or encroaches into another passenger’s space. 382.76(a)
A large dog is a seating problem, not a disqualification. Before refusing a large service animal, the carrier must first offer you the chance to move with the dog to another seat in the same class of service, if one is free. 382.76(b)
Denial needs an individualized assessment resting on the best available objective evidence, made independent of the dog’s breed or type. 382.79(b)
Behaviour is a lawful ground. Running loose, repeated barking or growling at others, biting, jumping on people, or relieving itself in the cabin or gate area. 382.79(a)(2)
Failing to produce a requested current form is itself a lawful ground for refusal. 382.79(a)(4)

Before you fly

Carriers that require the forms must publish them on their website in an accessible format and keep paper copies at every airport they serve. Every carrier must also make a Complaints Resolution Official available to you — ask for the CRO by name at the gate, before you leave the airport, because that is the step that creates the record.

Flying internationally — where US protection stops 14 CFR 382.7(b) · EC 1107/2006 · national law

This is the single most expensive misunderstanding in service dog travel, and it is written plainly in the regulation. On a foreign carrier, the US rules reach only the leg that touches a US airport. The onward leg is governed by somebody else’s law.

“If you are a U.S. carrier, this Part applies to you with respect to all your operations and aircraft, regardless of where your operations take place … If you are a foreign carrier, this part applies to you only with respect to flights you operate that begin or end at a U.S. airport.”
14 CFR 382.7(a)–(b)

The regulation’s own worked example is the one to remember: a passenger books New York to Prague on a foreign carrier, flying nonstop to Frankfurt and then connecting onward. The New York–Frankfurt leg is covered. The Frankfurt–Prague leg is not.

Fly a US carrier end to end where you can. Part 382 follows a US carrier everywhere in the world. That single choice is worth more than any document you can carry.
European Union. Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006 requires carriage of recognised assistance dogs in the cabin without additional charge — Article 10 and Annex II — but Annex II qualifies this as “subject to national regulations,” so it is not the flat entitlement the ACAA is. The Regulation also requires pre-notification at least 48 hours before the published departure time.
United Kingdom. Assistance dog access runs through the Equality Act 2010 and the Civil Aviation Authority’s accessibility guidance; the retained version of 1107/2006 continues to apply. Carriers typically require advance notice and recognition of the training programme.
Canada. The Accessible Transportation for Persons with Disabilities Regulations (SOR/2019-244) govern federally regulated carriers, with their own notice and documentation requirements.
Everywhere else. Recognition commonly depends on whether your programme is accredited by Assistance Dogs International or the International Guide Dog Federation, which is one of the strongest practical arguments for getting a dog from an accredited provider.

Do this four to eight weeks out

Confirm the rule for each operating carrier on each leg, not each booking. Get the carrier’s written confirmation by email and carry it. Then confirm the destination country’s import rules separately — the airline’s permission to carry your dog says nothing about whether the country will let the dog in.

Trains, buses and public transit 49 CFR 37.167(d) · 49 CFR 37.5

The transit rule is one sentence, and it binds public and private operators alike — commuter rail, intercity rail, light rail, subways, city buses, intercity coaches and the stations and terminals that serve them.

“The entity shall permit service animals to accompany individuals with disabilities in vehicles and facilities.”
49 CFR 37.167(d); applicability at 37.167(a)

No documentation provision exists. Part 37 contains no form, no certificate and no registry. An operator demanding paperwork is asking for something the regulation does not authorise.
No surcharge. Nothing in the rule contemplates a fare supplement for a service animal.
Carriers still set reasonable conduct rules. The dog must be under your control and must not block an aisle, a doorway or a wheelchair securement area.
Intercity rail and coach operators commonly ask you to notify them in advance so they can seat you appropriately. Advance notice is good practice; it is not a precondition of your right to travel.

Taxis, rideshare and private hire 49 CFR 37.29(c) · 42 USC 12184

Refusal by drivers is among the most commonly reported access problems for handlers, and the rule on it is unusually direct.

“Private entities providing taxi service shall not discriminate against individuals with disabilities by actions including, but not limited to, refusing to provide service to individuals with disabilities who can use taxi vehicles, refusing to assist with the stowing of mobility devices, and charging higher fares or fees for carrying individuals with disabilities and their equipment than are charged to other persons.”
49 CFR 37.29(c)

A cancelled ride is a denial. If a driver pulls up, sees the dog and drives off, that is the refusal the rule describes. Screenshot the cancellation.
No cleaning fee for a service dog. Charging more than another passenger pays is specifically named in the text.
Allergy or religious objection is the company’s problem, not yours. The operator is obliged to deliver the service; how it staffs around a driver’s objection is an internal matter.
Report to the platform and to the regulator. Rideshare companies run deactivation processes for drivers who refuse service animals, and the ADA’s private transportation provision, 42 USC 12184, reaches these operators independently.

Hotels, rental cars and everything you book on the way 28 CFR 36.302(c)

Hotels, motels, inns, rental car counters, restaurants, museums and tour operators are places of public accommodation, so the ordinary ADA rules travel with you.

No pet fee, no pet deposit, no “pet-friendly room” requirement. A surcharge may not be imposed even where pet owners pay one. 36.302(c)(8)
No restriction to certain floors or room types. You are entitled to the same inventory as any other guest. 36.302(c)(7)
Housekeeping cannot be refused because a dog is in the room, though a hotel may ask you to be present or to secure the dog while staff work.
You can be billed for actual damage the dog causes, if the business bills all guests for damage they cause. 36.302(c)(8)
Short-term rental platforms sit in a more complicated position, since individual hosts may fall under the Fair Housing Act rather than the ADA. Book, then raise the accommodation in writing through the platform.

Cruise ships and ferries Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd., 545 U.S. 119 (2005)

Nearly every major cruise ship calling at US ports sails under a foreign flag, which for years was used to argue the ADA did not reach them. The Supreme Court settled it.

Title III of the ADA applies to foreign-flag cruise ships in United States waters, so long as the duties imposed do not interfere with the internal order and affairs of the ship.
Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd., 545 U.S. 119 (2005)

Embarking from a US port brings you inside Title III, which means the two-questions rule, no surcharge, and access to passenger areas.
Ports of call are a different country. The ship’s obligations say nothing about whether Mexico, the Bahamas or Italy will admit your dog ashore. Many handlers remain aboard at certain ports for exactly this reason.
Relief areas are the practical constraint. Lines generally require advance notice so a relief box can be prepared. Notify at booking, in writing.
Domestic ferries are surface transportation under 49 CFR Part 37 and follow the transit rule above.

Crossing a border with your dog CDC dog importation requirements · USDA APHIS · destination law

Access law and import law are entirely separate systems. An airline can be obliged to carry your dog to a country that will then refuse to admit it. Service dogs get no general exemption from import rules.

Coming back into the United States

CDC tightened its dog importation requirements effective 1 August 2024, and they apply to dogs returning home as well as to dogs arriving for the first time. In broad terms, every dog entering the US must be at least six months old, must carry a microchip readable by a universal scanner and conforming to the ISO 11784/11785 standard, and must be covered by a submitted CDC Dog Import Form, whose receipt is presented on arrival.

The microchip must be implanted before the rabies vaccination is given, and its number must appear on the rabies certificate. Getting this order wrong is the most common and least fixable mistake.
Dogs that have been in a high-risk rabies country in the preceding six months face substantially more: CDC states plainly that a dog “will NOT be allowed to enter the U.S. if it is not vaccinated against rabies and has been in a high-risk country for dog rabies in the past 6 months.”
USDA APHIS requirements apply in addition to CDC’s, and the destination state may add its own.
Check your own case before you book. CDC publishes a Dog Importation Navigator because the requirements turn on where the dog has been and where it was vaccinated. Requirements change; confirm them close to travel.

Going the other way

Rabies titre tests have long lead times. Several destinations require a blood test taken a set period after vaccination and then a waiting period after the sample — this is measured in months, not weeks, and cannot be compressed.
Island nations with rabies-free status — among them Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii — operate the strictest regimes, and may require quarantine regardless of the dog’s working status.
The European Union requires an ISO-standard microchip, a valid rabies vaccination and an EU animal health certificate issued by an official veterinarian; some member states add a tapeworm treatment requirement for entry.
Export paperwork is endorsed by a USDA-accredited veterinarian, often within a tight window before departure. Book that appointment the week you book the flight.

The order that actually works

Destination import rules first, then the return rules into the US, then the carrier’s service animal paperwork, then the booking. Handlers who do it in the opposite order are the ones who discover a six-month titre waiting period three weeks before a flight.

Crossing borders

Every trip between these three countries has an entry rule for the dog, set by the destination’s animal-health agency, and a carriage rule for the handler, set by whichever country regulates the airline, bus or train. They are administered by different agencies, checked at different moments, and neither one cares that you have satisfied the other. The cards below give both, for each direction, by air and by ground.

United States → Canada

Dog’s entry: No import restrictions for a service dog travelling with its handler. CFIA: “An assistance dog that is imported as a guide, hearing, or other service dog is not subject to any restrictions for import where the person importing the assistance dog is the user of the dog and accompanies the dog to Canada.” Any other dog 8 months or older needs a rabies vaccination certificate. No quarantine.
Flight: On a US carrier, 14 CFR Part 382: two DOT forms at most, no breed refusal. On a Canadian carrier, the ATPDR apply to any flight from a foreign point into Canada — the carrier may require a training-organisation declaration at booking and an ID card before departure (s. 51(2)).
Bus, rail, car: US segment: 49 CFR 37.167(d), no documentation. Canadian cross-border bus and rail carriers are federally regulated and fall under the ATPDR, so s. 51 applies on board. Driving: CBSA inspects at the land port; the CFIA exemption above applies.
Carry: Training-organisation ID card, signed declaration, rabies certificate (not required for a handler-accompanied service dog, but it ends arguments), and the program certificate.

United States → México

Dog’s entry: Screwworm inspection document, then physical inspection. SENASICA (updated 4 August 2026): a dog from the United States needs “an inspection document upon arrival verifying that your dog … is free from the New World screwworm,” signed by a USDA-accredited veterinarian within the 5 days before travel. No health certificate or vaccination record is required. The Zoosanitary Import Certificate is issued at SENASICA/OISA offices at every airport, seaport and land border. No service-dog exemption is published.
Flight: On a US carrier, Part 382 for the whole flight. On a Mexican carrier, Part 382 still governs any flight that begins or ends at a US airport (14 CFR 382.7(b)); Mexican law adds Ley de Aviación Civil art. 47 Bis fr. I — no conditions, no extra charges. Cabin rules for the dog come from AFAC technical provisions and the carrier’s policy: get written confirmation.
Bus, rail, car: Cross-border coaches (the Texas–Nuevo León and Texas–Tamaulipas lines) are US-regulated on the US side (49 CFR Part 37) and, once in Mexico, governed by LGIPD art. 16 fr. III and LFPED art. 9 fr. XXII Quáter. No passenger rail crosses this border. Driving: present the screwworm document at the OISA office at the crossing.
Carry: The USDA-accredited vet’s screwworm inspection document (dated within 5 days), the program certificate — Mexican law defines a service animal by certification — and the carrier’s written confirmation.

Canada → United States

Dog’s entry: CDC Dog Import Form receipt, 6 months old, microchip, appears healthy. Canada is not on CDC’s high-risk list, so none of the high-risk paperwork applies and no rabies certificate is required (CDC “strongly recommends” vaccination). The receipt is valid 6 months and good for multiple entries. Dogs from low-risk countries “can enter the U.S. at any airport, seaport, or land border crossing.”
Flight: On a Canadian carrier the ATPDR apply (Canada to a foreign point); so does Part 382, because the flight ends at a US airport. On a US carrier, Part 382 alone. Expect the Canadian documentation request on a Canadian carrier even though the US rule forbids it — the stricter regime wins at the counter.
Bus, rail, car: Amtrak’s Maple Leaf, Adirondack and Cascades cross this border; VIA/Amtrak joint services are ATPDR-covered in Canada and 49 CFR Part 37 in the US. Cross-border coaches likewise. Driving: CBP checks the CDC receipt at the land port — submit the form before you reach the border, not at it.
Carry: CDC Dog Import Form receipt (printed or on your phone), microchip number, rabies certificate for the return, and for the ATPDR leg the training-organisation ID card and declaration.

Canada → México

Dog’s entry: Physical inspection only. SENASICA: a dog from Canada is inspected on arrival and needs no certificate or vaccination record. The screwworm document is a United States requirement and does not apply to a dog arriving directly from Canada. Zoosanitary Import Certificate issued at the OISA office at the port of entry.
Flight: Nonstop on a Canadian carrier: ATPDR. Nonstop on a Mexican carrier: Ley de Aviación Civil art. 47 Bis fr. I plus the carrier’s cabin policy; Part 382 does not apply because no US airport is touched. Connecting through the United States turns this into two trips: the dog must meet CDC entry rules at the US connection (receipt, age, microchip) and the US→México screwworm rule on the onward leg.
Bus, rail, car: Any ground route runs through the United States and is therefore Canada→US then US→México, back to back: CDC receipt at the northern port, screwworm document at the southern one, and a USDA-accredited veterinarian in between to sign it.
Carry: Nonstop: the program certificate and the carrier’s written confirmation. Via the US: everything in the two cards above, in order.

México → United States

Dog’s entry: Same as from Canada. Mexico is not on CDC’s high-risk list. CDC Dog Import Form receipt, at least 6 months old, microchip readable by a universal scanner, appears healthy; no rabies certificate required; any airport, seaport or land border. The six-month look-back matters: a dog that has been in Belize, Guatemala, Cuba or another listed high-risk country within the past 6 months loses low-risk status and faces the full high-risk regime.
Flight: Part 382 governs the flight whether the carrier is US or Mexican, because it ends at a US airport. Two DOT forms maximum, completed after purchase; no breed refusal; individualized assessment for any denial.
Bus, rail, car: The Monterrey–Texas and border-city coach lines: LGIPD/LFPED on the Mexican side, 49 CFR Part 37 from the port of entry onward. Driving: CBP checks the CDC receipt at the land port; the vehicle inspection is a separate process from the dog’s.
Carry: CDC Dog Import Form receipt, microchip number, and the program certificate. If the dog was vaccinated in Mexico, carry the certificate anyway — it is not required for entry, but it is required for almost everything after.

México → Canada

Dog’s entry: Handler-accompanied service dog: no import restrictions under the CFIA Import Reference Document, exactly as from the United States. Mexico is not designated rabies-free, so any dog travelling as a pet needs a rabies vaccination certificate (8 months and older) or an RNATT titre of at least 0.5 IU/ml. No quarantine.
Flight: Nonstop on a Canadian carrier: ATPDR, with its documentation request. Nonstop on a Mexican carrier: Mexican law only; Part 382 does not apply. Connecting through the United States adds the CDC entry rules at the connection, then CFIA at the end.
Bus, rail, car: Ground routes pass through the United States: México→US (CDC receipt) then US→Canada (CFIA exemption for a service dog with its handler).
Carry: Training-organisation ID card and declaration for the ATPDR leg, rabies certificate, the program certificate, and if connecting through the US the CDC receipt.

The one rule in all six

Access law and import law never talk to each other. A carrier obliged to board the dog has no say over whether the border lets it in, and a border that admits the dog says nothing about the next carrier. Clear the entry rule first, the carriage rule second, and never assume a service dog is exempt from the entry rule — it is in Canada, and it is not in the United States or México.

Ground travel in detail

Buses, coaches and trains in the United States 49 CFR 37.167(d) · 49 CFR 37.5 · 49 CFR 37.29

One sentence governs every public and private operator — city transit, Amtrak, commuter rail, intercity coaches and the cross-border lines into Canada and Mexico: “The entity shall permit service animals to accompany individuals with disabilities in vehicles and facilities.” No form, no fee, no certificate exists in Part 37. Taxis and rideshare are covered separately by 49 CFR 37.29(c), which names refusing service and charging more as discrimination.

Intercity buses, VIA Rail and ferries in Canada ATPDR SOR/2019-244, ss. 25, 51

The ATPDR’s service rules bind carriers that cross provincial or international lines — the regulation lists air carriers flying “from a point of origin in Canada to a point of destination in a foreign country” and the reverse, rail carriers serving three or more provinces or a foreign point, and marine and bus carriers on the same footing. On every one of them s. 51 applies: the carrier must accept the dog, and may ask for the declaration and the ID card. Purely local transit is provincial and governed by the province’s human-rights code and, where it exists, its service-dog statute — see the Canada page.

Intercity buses and local transport in México LGIPD arts. 16 fr. III, 19 · LFPED art. 9 fr. XXII Quáter · Reglamento de Autotransporte Federal

The federal bus regulation contains no service-animal provision — its only disability clause requires terminals to provide ramps, reserved seating, adapted toilets and lowered telephones. The right to board with the dog therefore rests on the general statutes: LGIPD art. 16 fr. III, which grants access to “todos los espacios en donde se desenvuelvan” and bans any restriction; art. 19, which directs the transport ministry to guarantee accessible air, land and sea transport; and LFPED art. 9 fr. XXII Quáter, under which conditioning access on anything is discrimination. The major lines — ADO, Omnibus de México, Grupo Senda, the Monterrey–Texas services — set their own policies within that law; carry the program certificate, since Mexican law recognises the animal through its certification, and confirm in writing before travel.

Driving across CBP / CBSA / OISA land ports

Into the United States: the CDC Dog Import Form is required at land ports exactly as at airports. Submit it online before you reach the crossing; CBP checks the receipt. Six months old, microchipped, healthy.
Into Canada: CBSA inspects at the port. A service dog accompanying its handler has no import restrictions under CFIA policy; a pet needs the rabies certificate.
Into México: the OISA office at the crossing issues the Zoosanitary Import Certificate. From the United States, present the USDA-accredited veterinarian’s screwworm inspection document dated within 5 days; from Canada, inspection only.
Returning is a separate entry with its own rule. A US handler driving to Monterrey for a weekend needs the screwworm document going south and the CDC receipt coming north.

Sources

Peer-reviewed research 14

01Pigeon WR, Campbell CE, Possemato K, Ouimette P. Longitudinal relationships of insomnia, nightmares, and PTSD severity in recent combat veterans. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2013;75:546–50. PMID 24290044.

02Don Richardson J, King L, St Cyr K, Shnaider P, Roth ML, Ketcheson F, Balderson K, Elhai JD. Depression and the relationship between sleep disturbances, nightmares, and suicidal ideation in treatment-seeking Canadian Armed Forces members and veterans. BMC Psychiatry 2018;18:204. PMID 29921268.

03Pruiksma KE, Slavish DC, Taylor DJ, Dietch JR, Tyler H, Dolan M, Bryan AO, Bryan CJ. Nightmares and insomnia in the US National Guard: mental and physical health correlates. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2021;28:238–249. PMID 32495239.

04Leighton SC, Rodriguez KE, Jensen CL, MacLean EL, Davis LW, Ashbeck EL, Bedrick EJ, O’Haire ME. Service dogs for veterans and military members with posttraumatic stress disorder: a nonrandomized controlled trial. JAMA Network Open 2024;7:e2414686. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14686. PMID 38833250.

05Margolies SO, Rybarczyk B, Vrana SR, Leszczyszyn DJ, Lynch J. Efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for insomnia and nightmares in Afghanistan and Iraq veterans with PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2013;69:1026–42. PMID 23629959.

06Rodriguez KE, LaFollette MR, Hediger K, Ogata N, O’Haire ME. Defining the PTSD service dog intervention: perceived importance, usage, and symptom specificity of psychiatric service dogs for military veterans. Frontiers in Psychology 2020;11. PMID 32849004.

07Jensen CL, Rodriguez KE, MacLean EL, Abdul Wahab AH, Sabbaghi A, O’Haire ME. Characterizing veteran and PTSD service dog teams: exploring potential mechanisms of symptom change and canine predictors of efficacy. PLoS ONE 2022;17. PMID 35895599.

08Bristol S, Leighton SC, Schwichtenberg AJ, Campbell RL, Ashbeck EL, Taylor DJ, Bedrick EJ, O’Haire ME. The influence of service dog partnerships on perceived and objective sleep quality for military veterans with PTSD. Frontiers in Sleep 2024. doi:10.3389/frsle.2024.1432919.

15U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD. How Common is PTSD in Veterans? Lifetime PTSD 29% among OIF/OEF veterans; 7% among all veterans; 6% general population.

16Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Disaster Technical Assistance Center. First Responders: Behavioral Health Concerns, Emergency Response, and Trauma. Supplemental Research Bulletin, May 2018. An estimated 30% of first responders develop behavioral health conditions including depression and PTSD, versus 20% in the general population.

17Carleton RN, Afifi TO, Turner S, Taillieu T, et al. Mental disorder symptoms among public safety personnel in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2018. PMID 28845686. n = 5,813; 15.1% screened positive for one disorder and 26.7% for more than one.

18Zamorski MA, Bennett RE, Rusu C, Weeks M. Prevalence of past-year mental disorders in the Canadian Armed Forces, 2002–2013. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2016. PMID 27270739. Past-year PTSD 5.3% in 2013; adjusted odds ratio 2.1 versus 2002.

19Medina-Mora ME, Genis-Mendoza AD, Villatoro Velázquez JA, Bustos-Gamiño M, et al. The prevalence of symptomatology and risk factors in mental health in Mexico: the 2016–17 ENCODAT cohort. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2023. PMID 36833803. n = 56,877; post-traumatic stress symptoms 5.7%.

20Meza Peña C, Bravo-Garza AP, Loredo-Villa MA. Después del enfrentamiento: estrés en policías de zona rural del noreste de México. URVIO, Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad 2025. doi:10.17141/urvio.43.2025.6460. n = 112 police and civil-protection personnel, rural Nuevo León; stress, anxiety, depression and burnout measured with the DASS.

United States — law and penalties 8

09Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability by Public Accommodations and in Commercial Facilities, 28 CFR §§ 36.104, 36.302(c); Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability in State and Local Government Services, 28 CFR §§ 35.104, 35.136. Text as rendered by the electronic CFR, issue date September 30, 2026.

10Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability in Air Travel, 14 CFR §§ 382.3, 382.72, 382.74–382.80 (Doc. No. DOT-OST-2018-0068, 85 FR 79774, Dec. 10, 2020); Transportation Services for Individuals with Disabilities, 49 CFR § 37.167; Fair Housing Act regulations, 24 CFR §§ 100.202, 100.204; VA service dog benefits, 38 CFR § 17.148 (77 FR 54381, Sept. 5, 2012).

11Puppies Assisting Wounded Servicemembers for Veterans Therapy Act, Pub. L. No. 117-37, 135 Stat. 329 (Aug. 25, 2021), §§ 2–3, adding 38 U.S.C. § 1714(e)–(f).

13U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity. Notification of Withdrawal of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Guidance Documents, Docket No. FR-6571-N-01, 91 Fed. Reg. 17291 (Apr. 6, 2026) (effective date of withdrawal September 17, 2025).

14Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., including § 12112(b)(5)(A); Fair Housing Act, 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f)(3)(B).

3128 CFR 85.5, Civil Monetary Penalties Inflation Adjustment table (DOJ), current amounts for 42 USC 12188(b)(2)(C) (ADA Title III: $118,225 first violation; $236,451 subsequent) and 42 USC 3614(d)(1)(C) (Fair Housing Act: $131,308; $262,614). 28 CFR 36.504(a)(3).

3224 CFR 180.671, assessing civil penalties for Fair Housing Act cases before a HUD administrative law judge: $26,262; $65,653; $131,308. 42 USC 3613 (civil actions; damages and attorney’s fees).

3314 CFR 383.2 (89 FR 106292, Dec. 30, 2024), civil penalty amounts under 49 USC 46301: general $75,000 per violation; $17,062 for small businesses and individuals under 49 USC 41705.

Canada 6

21Accessible Transportation for Persons with Disabilities Regulations, SOR/2019-244, ss. 1, 51 (Canada). Text from the Justice Laws Website.

22Guide Dog and Service Dog Act, S.B.C. 2015, c. 17, ss. 1–6.1 (British Columbia). Text from BC Laws.

23Integrated Accessibility Standards, O. Reg. 191/11, ss. 80.45(4), 80.47 (Ontario), under the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005. Text from Ontario e-Laws, currency date September 30, 2026.

34Canadian Human Rights Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. H-6, s. 53(2)(e) and (3); Canada Transportation Act, S.C. 1996, c. 10, s. 177(1)(b); Guide Dog and Service Dog Act, S.B.C. 2015, c. 17, s. 8.

37Service Dogs Act, S.A. 2007, c. S-7.5, s. 6 (Alberta): fine not exceeding $3,000 for a discriminatory practice under s. 3; $300 for falsely claiming the Act’s benefit.

38Human Rights Code, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.19, s. 45.2; Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005, S.O. 2005, c. 11, s. 37; Charte des droits et libertés de la personne, RLRQ c. C-12, s. 49. Cited by section; figures to be quoted from the statutes.

41Canadian Human Rights Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. H-6, ss. 3(1), 5, 6. Service Dogs Act, S.A. 2007, c. S-7.5, ss. 1, 3, 4, 6 (Alberta King’s Printer). Charte des droits et libertés de la personne, RLRQ c. C-12; The Service Animals Protection Act, C.C.S.M. c. S90; Service Dog Act, S.N.S. 2016, c. 4; Service Animal Act, S.N.L. 2012, c. S-13.2 — cited.

42Human Rights Code, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.19, ss. 10(1) (“disability”), 45.2(1); Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005, S.O. 2005, c. 11, s. 37(3); Blind Persons’ Rights Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. B.7, ss. 1, 2(1), 6(1). Text from Ontario e-Laws, read 2026-10-04.

México 5

24Ley General para la Inclusión de las Personas con Discapacidad, arts. 2 fr. XXVI, 16 fr. III, 17 fr. II, última reforma DOF 14-06-2024 (México).

25Ley Federal para Prevenir y Eliminar la Discriminación, art. 9 fr. XXII Quáter, adicionada DOF 04-12-2023 (México).

26Ley de Aviación Civil, arts. 47 Bis fr. I, 47 Bis 1 (México).

35Ley Federal para Prevenir y Eliminar la Discriminación, arts. 83, 83 Bis, 83 Ter (medidas administrativas y de reparación), última reforma DOF 14-11-2025.

36Código Penal Federal (México), art. 149 Ter, última reforma DOF 13-03-2026. Prison of one to three years or 150–300 days of community service, and up to 200 días multa, for denying a service on discriminatory grounds; penalty increased by one half for public servants, with removal and disqualification.

39Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, art. 1°, últimas reformas DOF 02-06-2026. Ley Federal de Protección al Consumidor, arts. 58, 128 (multas actualizadas DOF 23-12-2025), 128 Bis. Ley Federal del Trabajo, arts. 3° (DOF 15-01-2026), 133 fr. I.

40Ley para la Protección de los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad del Estado de Nuevo León, arts. 2 fr. XXVI, 44 bis–44 bis 7 (adicionados P.O. 24-12-2008). Text from the H. Congreso de Nuevo León.

Agencies, surveys and import rules 5

12Wisch RF. Table of State Assistance Animal Laws. Animal Legal & Historical Center, Michigan State University College of Law, 2025.

27Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Import Reference Document (as referenced in the Health of Animals Regulations), dogs — personal imports; assistance-dog clause; no post-import quarantine.

28SENASICA (Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria). Requirements and Procedures for Traveling to Mexico with Your Pet. gob.mx, last updated 4 August 2026. New World screwworm inspection document for dogs from the United States; inspection only from Canada.

29U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Entry Requirements for Dogs from Dog-Rabies Free or Low-Risk Countries (reviewed 22 July 2024) and High-Risk Countries for Dog Rabies. Canada and Mexico not listed as high-risk.

30Reglamento de Autotransporte Federal y Servicios Auxiliares (México), terminal accessibility provisions; no service-animal clause.